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OBJECTIVE: Home Hospitalization (HH) is an alternative hospitalization modality that can be very useful in times of health stress such as the COVID-19 pandemic. This paper includes the management of patients admitted with COVID-19 in HH in two county spanish hospitals for two years. METHODS: A descriptive, observational and retrospective study of all patients admitted at HH with a diagnosis of COVID-19 disease was carried out. Subsequently, further analysis was carried out to characterize the patients who died in HH or 30 days after discharge and another to compare the management between the first phase of the study (2020) and the second one (2021 and part of 2022). RESULTS: A total of 167 patients were recruited. A 52.1% moved to watch that the recovery continued compared to 40.7% in which it was done to watch that they did not worsen. The patients who died in HAD were older (mean 87.5 years), more comorbid and more likely to have do-not resucitate orders (DNR) in case of cardiac arrest (85%). In the second phase of the study, older patients, more comorbid patients and with a greater degree of DNR orders were admitted than those admitted throughout 2020. CONCLUSIONS: HAD is a useful resource to increase the resilience of health systems in cases of stress such as the disease caused by COVID-19. The development and growth of existing units, as well as the creation of new ones where they do not exist, could be a basic tool for the medicine of the future.
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COVID-19 , Humans , SARS-CoV-2 , Pandemics , Retrospective Studies , Hospitals , HospitalizationABSTRACT
Objective: The COVID-19 pandemic is now a major global health issue and quarantine is being applicated worldwide as a suppression measure. The aim of this study was to analyse the psychological and behavioural modifications associated with the first phase of the confinement period in Spanish population. Material and method: Variables of anxiety, sleep quality, motivation, food intake and physical activity habits and body weight were analysed in ninety-one participants (35.7±10.4 years old) at the beginning of the quarantine, after three days, one week, two weeks and three weeks of the confinement decreed in Spain. Results: A significant (P<0.05) increase of 20% prevalence was found in the number of participants that started to exercise. Despite this, anxiety levels increased throughout the confinement, being significant after 2 weeks of isolation compared to the initial moment. None of the other variables significantly presented modifications. Correlation analysis showed that anxiety levels were positively related to the number of daily food intakes and negatively to sleep quality. On the other hand, the time dedicated to aerobic exercise was negatively related to body weight and the number of intakes, and positively to the time dedicated to anaerobic exercise (p <0.05 for all correlations). Conclusion: We found how first phase of confinement period in the COVID-19 pandemic in Spain produced a significant increase in anxiety levels, and subjects that started to exercise, do not significantly affecting body weight, food intakes, sleep quality and motivation of subjects. Higher food ingestions per day positively correlated with anxiety and negatively with sleep quality. © 2021 Archivos de Medicina del Deporte. All rights reserved.
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As an imperative and strategic response to the health emergency caused by COVID-19, the vast majority of universities implemented various alternatives for the virtualization of academic processes. It is based on a comparative methodological approach of an exploratory nature between students of the Education Area of the Indo-American Technological University (Ecuador) and the Autonomous University of the State of Hidalgo (Mexico), between the months of May and June of 2021. With the intention to analyze the socio-educational factors and their influence on the teaching and learning processes, based on knowing the conditions of use of the technology, the didactic organization for the support of the teaching and learning process and the personal factors that affected their learning during the lockdown. Among the most relevant results in both contexts, situations related to access and limited speed of the internet, the non-availability of suitable technological resources, the increase in the time dedicated to academic activities, the interference caused by the conditions of the home and family life, changes in sleep schedule, health-related effects. These findings show how the abrupt transition from the face-to-face to the virtual modality has altered the academic life of the students, criteria that must be considered for decision-making in the context of the institutions involved in the study, since the effects of the virus still persist and viable alternatives aligned with the immediate social sphere must be foreseen. © 2022, University of Cienfuegos, Carlos Rafael Rodriguez. All rights reserved.
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This article is a response to the need for economic reactivation because of the crisis resulting from the context of COVID-19. The purpose of the research was to elaborate a theoretical construct through the application of Confirmatory Factor Analysis that gathers observable variables around dimensions or factors. The study begins with a review of the literature that approximates the causal relationship of the phenomenon. The research has a quantitative approach with exploratory, descriptive and correlational designs. The following factors such as associativity, sustainable tourism, competitive advantage, market orientation, digital inclusion, agricultural innovation and knowledge transfer were found and they are linked with the economic reactivation. The Confirmatory Factorial Analysis was used in this study which helped to reduce from 117 to 47 items in the measurement instrument for the research of economic reactivation in the province of Cañar in Ecuador with factor loadings higher than 0.6. As a conclusion, it is said that it is possible to study the phenomenon with a validated questionnaire on the bivariate association of the researching variables. © 2022, Universidad del Zulia. All rights reserved.
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Molnupiravir (Lagevrio (R)) is an orally-administered anti-COVID-19 agent. Due to the urgency to meet the worldwide demand and the growing environmental concern, there is a need for speed in the industrial implementation of novel and efficient bioprocesses for Molnupiravir synthesis. This concept paper aims to review the most relevant milestones that have guided important developments in the enzyme-mediated synthesis of Molnupiravir, including detailed comments on the advantages and drawbacks of the different synthetic routes. Finally, based on a personal perspective, new greener processes for Molnupiravir manufacturing are proposed and discussed.
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Background: the COVID 19 pandemic causes the death of many people, mainly older adults. Knowing about it is one way to prevent it. Objective: to describe the results of an educational intervention on COVId 19, in older adults. Methods: educational intervention carried out in a universe of 230 older adults, from which a sample of 178 dispensed elderly people belonging to the Family Doctor's Office No. 4 in Cumanayagua was selected. A diagnosis was made to identify the level of knowledge about COVID-19, in which aspects about the disease were investigated, such as: symptoms, prevention measures, transmission routes. They were also asked about compliance with prevention measures. On that basis, an educational intervention was developed. Results: The 50 % present risk factors;knowledge about symptoms increased from 10.1% before the intervention to 100% after;on transmission routes from 35.9 % to 83.7 % and that of preventive measures from 53.9 % to 91.7 %. They learned to use the mask correctly. The satisfaction of the elderly with the educational actions was high. Conclusions: after the application of educational actions, there was an increase in knowledge about the disease, which may be favorable for its prevention in this group of elderly.
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COVID-19 restrictions stipulate the mandatory use of surgical masks during outdoor and indoor physical activities. The impact of this on athletic performance and especially on anaerobic physical activities is poorly known. The aim of the present research was to analyze the effect of surgical mask use on the anaerobic running performance of athletes. Modifications in running time, blood lactate, blood glucose, blood oxygen saturation, subjective perceived stress, rating of perceived exertion, and heart rate variability were measured in 50 m and 400 m maximal running tests with and without the use of surgical masks in 72 athletes. The use of a surgical mask increased blood lactate concentration, sympathetic autonomic modulation, perceived exertion, perceived stress, and decreased blood oxygen saturation in 50 and 400 m running tests. Thus, the higher levels of blood lactate and lower blood oxygen saturation require adaptation of the athlete's rest and recovery periods to the acute workload. The higher level of sympathetic activation makes the acute and chronic control of autonomic modulation essential for an efficient training periodization. Finally, the use of acid buffers such as bicarbonate or sodium citrate would be a recommended ergogenic strategy.
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BACKGROUND: The first case of COVID-19 detected in Mexico was on the 27th of February 2020. On the 30th of April, 64 days after this first diagnosis, the number of patients had increased exponentially, reaching 19 224 confirmed cases and 1859 (9.67%) deaths. In response to this global outbreak, we summarize the current state of our understanding regarding COVID-19 in Mexico. METHODS: We obtained the data from the official website of the Ministry of Health in Mexico. The study period was between the 27th of February and the 30th of April 2020. The cases were confirmed using real-time reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction, and we analysed epidemiological, demographic and clinical data. RESULTS: In Mexico, most cases of COVID-19 were located in Mexico City. The mean age of the patients was 46 years. Of the 12 656 confirmed cases, most infected individuals were between the ages of 30 and 59 years (65.85%), and there was a higher incidence rate in men (58.18%) than in women (41.82%). The patients who died had one or more comorbidities, mainly hypertension (45.53%), diabetes (39.39%) and obesity (30.4%). In the first 64 days of the epidemic, China had reported 80 304 cases with a mortality rate of 3.66%. CONCLUSIONS: Our results indicate an early transmission of COVID-19 in Mexico. The descriptive epidemiology shows similarities between the cases of COVID-19 in Mexico and those in China. In the same period of the epidemic curve, we observed a reduction in the number of confirmed cases of COVID-19 in Mexico and a higher mortality rate compared with that of China.
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The actual COVID-19 pandemic scenario has generated a context of uncertainty, helplessness, and inequality. Yet, the perception of COVID-19 risk has influenced nutritional, psychological, and physical activity patterns depending on gender. We conducted the present research with the aim of studying gender differences of university students in the perceived risk of the COVID-19 pandemic, and in psychological, nutritional, oral health, and physical activity habits. To reach the study's aim, 300 volunteer university students completed an online questionnaire which analyzed variables of perceived risk of the COVID-19 pandemic, psychological profiles, and nutritional, oral health, and physical activity habits. Results showed that females presented a higher perception of danger to the COVID-19 virus than males but showed no differences in how the pandemic has affected personal lives. Females showed higher values of anxiety, conscientiousness, neuroticism, and openness to experience, while males presented higher values of extraversion. Nutritionally, males presented greater consumption of soft drinks, meat, and pasta or rice, and lower buccal hygiene. Yet, no differences were found regarding physical activity patterns. Results from the present study could be used by various educational institutions to implement multidisciplinary interventions to reduce the stress and risk perception.
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Introduction: The adaptive immune response is made up of T and B lymphocytes. Both types of lymphocytes are responsible for cell-mediated immunity and subsequent antibody production. Objective: To deepen the immunopathogenic mechanisms that lead to the specific immune response against SARS-CoV-2. Methods: A bibliographic review was carried out in the US National Library of Medicine, through the PubMed search engine of the articles published during the first half of 2020, with the terms "SARS-CoV-2 or COVID-19" more "immunopathology". Development: The adaptive immune response is essential in the elimination of the SARS-CoV-2 virus. It is made up of different cellular components, among which are: CD3 + CD4 + T lymphocytes, CD3 + CD8 + T lymphocytes and B lymphocytes. In a subgroup of patients with SARS-Cov-2 infection, the activation of both types of lymphocytes seems to be disproportionate, being greater in those with severe clinical manifestations. In severe patients, lymphocyte depletion is greater for CD3 + CD8 + T lymphocytes than for CD3 + CD4 + and B T cells, respectively. Conclusions: When the adaptive immune response is poorly modulated, it causes a state of hyperinflammation that leads to severe clinical manifestations and tissue damage. The identification of severity prediction biomarkers and the existence of "immunophenotypes" of COVID-19 patients based on the type of integrated immune response of T and B cells, makes it possible to apply immunomodulatory treatments in a more personalized way. © 2020, Editorial Ciencias Medicas. All rights reserved.